Principles of Management as Prescribed by the Mahabharata Essay Example

Principles of Management as Prescribed by the Mahabharata Essay Western management philosophy may have created prosperity – for some people for some time at least but it has failed in the aim of ensuring betterment of individual life and social welfare. It has remained by and large a soulless edifice and an oasis of plenty for a few in the midst of poor quality of life for many. It does not give a sense of fulfillment what an individual desires at the end. (Aids Foundation of Bill Gates may be an example. ) Mahabharat depicts a path of Dharma as the sole objective, be it individual or corporate, since the same ensures maximization of happiness of all groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Management as Prescribed by the Mahabharata specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Management as Prescribed by the Mahabharata specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Management as Prescribed by the Mahabharata specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer An unholy desire to achieve results by any means often becomes counterproductive in the long run for the corporation and the country as a whole. Hence, there is an urgent need to re-examine prevailing management disciplines their objectives, scope and content. Management should be redefined to underline the development of the worker as a person, as a human being, and not as a mere wage-earner. With this changed perspective, management can become an instrument in the process of social and indeed national development. Gita however talks about Nishkam karma which helps one to achieve results more effectively in the long run by pursuing a path of Dharma. The two main pillars of Gita are abhyas (practice) and tapasya (penance). Going by this the corporate sector should continue doing the right thing ceaselessly by adopting the right means with a single-minded objective in mind ( Abhyas) and should not get swayed under any temptations or distraction and bear the hardships in the short run( Tapasya). With these two principles results will automatically come which will bring satisfaction to all groups be it customers, shareholders, vendors, workers, etc. 2. The Management Principles: Now let us re-examine some of the modern management concepts in the light of the  Bhagavad Gita  which is a primer of management-by-values. Mahabharat is not plainly the story of a war or a source of wisdom for philosophers. It exposes the secrets of leadership and the path to success. Mahabharat can be considered equivalent to other management bibles. Whether it is man management, human/organisational behaviour, game theory, management by objectives, all aspects of modern management can be discovered in various characters and episodes of the great epic. Bhishma, an honest manager caught in diametrically opposed clashes, who was forced to take wrong decisions by forces beyond his power. Yudhisthira is a flawless example of managerial acumen. Karna, a manager who fought his way up the ladder but could not keep up with the pressure and tensions and met a tragic end. Abhimanyu, the son of Arjuna, a daredevil leader without a business-plan of escape. He fought his way into the chakravyuha, but failed to come out and was brutally cornered and killed by Drona and others. Draupadi is the typical model of a woman powerhouse who kept others motivated till the goal is achieved. And Lord Krishna is the ideal example of a leader-manager who kept his eye on the target till the desired outcome was achieved. i) Honor Thy Competitor The Mahabharata tells us that one should never humiliate his competitors. Competitors should be treated with dignity. The great Kurikshetra War itself could be avoided if the pride of Duryodhan had not been hurt. When Duryodhan came to the palace at Indraprastha of the Pandavas he was mesmerized by its beauty. He mistook the crystalline edifices to be water bodies and vice versa and every time he made such a mistake the Pandavas and Draupadi made no efforts to hide their amusement which hurt Duryodhan’s pride beyond repair which laid the seeds of war in his mind. ii) Business consideration above personal consideration Dhritarashtra was the patriarch of the Kauravas. He was extremely partial towards his eldest son Duryodhan. He was blind not only literally but also figuratively. He was blind to his son’s faults. He took all decisions in Duryodhan’s favour irrespective of whether it was morally right or wrong be it the decision of sending the Pandavas to 14 years in exile or planning to murder the brothers and their mother at Vanavrata. This led to disastrous consequences. A person who is the head of an organization must take his decisions with an eye to the general good overriding personal considerations. His extending favours to his close subordinates must not be at the cost of the corporate health. He must keep his eyes and ears open and be aware of the limitations and shortcomings of his chosen successors or heirs. iii) Adaptability The Pandav brothers were not only great Kshatriyas skilled in weaponry and the art of warfare but also well versed in other humbler skills such as cooking, tending the cows and horses, dancing, etc. It was their versatility and adaptability that enabled them to complete their exile in the forest for 12 years and also the 13th year in disguise in King Virat’s court without any glitches. Had these princes born into the royal household, used to the royal comforts of their princely heritage not been so adaptable and adjusting they would have found it difficult to bear the rigors of a forest life and the humiliating positions of attendants in the royal court. Similarly, a good manager should be conversant with all aspects of the organization he works for from the shopfloor to the boardroom. He should be ready to exchange his suit for the gloves. iv) Making wise choices An important lesson of management science is to choose wisely and utilize scarce resources optimally. During the curtain raiser before the Mahabharata War, Duryodhana chose Sri Krishnas large army for his help while Arjuna selected Sri Krishnas wisdom for his support. This episode gives us a clue as to the nature of the effective manager the former chose numbers, the latter, wisdom. v) Attitudes towards work Three stone-cutters were engaged in erecting a temple. An HRD Consultant asked them what they were doing. The response of the three workers to this innocent-looking question is illuminating. I am a poor man. I have to maintain my family. I am making a living here, said the first stone-cutter with a dejected face. Well, I work because I want to show that I am the best stone-cutter in the country, said the second one with a sense of pride. Oh, I want to build the most beautiful temple in the country, said the third one with a visionary gleam. Their jobs were identical but their perspectives were different. What the  Gita  tells us is to develop the visionary perspective in the work we do. It tells us to develop a sense of larger vision in our work for the common good. vi)Dedication towards work A popular verse of the  Gita  advises â€Å"detachment† from the fruits or results of actions performed in the course of ones duty. Being dedicated work has to mean â€Å"working for the sake of work, generating excellence for its own sake. † If we are always calculating the date of promotion or the rate of commission before putting in our efforts, then such work is not detached. Working only with an eye to the anticipated benefits, means that the quality of performance of the current job or duty suffers It is not â€Å"generating excellence for its own sake† but working only for the extrinsic reward that may (or may not) result. Some people might argue that not seeking the business result of work and actions makes one unaccountable. In fact, the  Bhagavad Gita  is full of advice on the theory of cause and effect, making the doer responsible for the consequences of his deeds. While advising detachment from the avarice of selfish gains in discharging ones accepted duty, the  Gita  does not absolve anybody of the consequences arising from discharge of his or her responsibilities. Thus the best means of effective performance management is the work itself. Attaining this state of mind (called â€Å"nishkama karma†) is the right attitude to work because it prevents the ego, the mind, from dissipation of attention through speculation on future gains or losses. ii)Self- actualization—The Ultimate Goal Today’s management principles say that satisfying lower order needs such as food, shelter and clothing ensures that an employee puts in his maximum effort and it keeps the employee motivated. However, that is not the case. It is a common experience that the dissatisfaction of the clerk and of t he Director is identical only their scales and composition vary. On the contrary, a lowly paid schoolteacher, or a self-employed artisan, may well demonstrate higher levels of self-actualization despite poorer satisfaction of their lower-order needs. This situation is explained by the theory of self-transcendence propounded in the  Gita. Self-transcendence involves renouncing egoism, putting others before oneself, emphasizing team work, dignity, co-operation, harmony and trust – and, indeed potentially sacrificing lower needs for higher goals, the opposite of Maslow. â€Å"Work must be done with detachment. † It is the ego that spoils work and the ego is the centerpiece of most theories of motivation. We need not merely a theory of motivation but a theory of inspiration. viii) Work culture An effective work culture is about vigorous and arduous efforts in pursuit of given or chosen tasks. Sri Krishna elaborates on two types of work culture – â€Å"daivi sampat† or divine work culture which includes fearlessness, purity, self-control and â€Å"asuri sampat† or demonic work culture which includes egoism, delusions, improper performance and work not oriented towards service. Mere work ethic is not enough. The hardened criminal exhibits an excellent work ethic. What is needed is a work ethic conditioned by ethics in work. It is in this light that the counsel, â€Å"yogah karmasu kausalam† should be understood. Kausalam† means skill or technique of work which is an indispensable component of a work ethic. â€Å"Yogah† is defined in the  Gita  itself as â€Å"samatvam yogah uchyate† meaning an unchanging equipoise of mind (detachment. ) Tilak tells us that acting with an equable mind is Yoga. The  Gita  further explains the theory of â€Å"detachment† from the extrinsic rewards of work in saying: If the result of sincere effort is a success, the entire credit should not be appropriated by the doer alone. If the result of sincere effort is a failure, then too the entire blame does not accrue to the doer. The former attitude mollifies arrogance and conceit while the latter prevents excessive despondency, de-motivation and self-pity. Thus both these dispositions safeguard the doer against psychological vulnerability, the cause of the modem managers companions of diabetes, high blood pressure and ulcers. Assimilation of the ideas of the  Gita  leads us to the wider spectrum of â€Å"lokasamgraha† (general welfare) but there is also another dimension to the work ethic if the â€Å"karmayoga† (service) is blended with â€Å"bhaktiyoga† (devotion), then the work itself becomes worship, a â€Å"sevayoga (service for its own sake. (This may sound a peculiarly religious idea but it has a wider application. It could be taken to mean doing something because it is worthwhile, to serve others, to make the world a better place ) ix)Manager must show superior judgement In the book, the  Mahabharata, we come across a king by the name of Yayati who, in order to revel in t he endless enjoyment of flesh exchanged his old age with the youth of his obliging youngest son for a thousand years. However, he found the pursuit of sensual enjoyments ultimately unsatisfying and came back to his son pleading him to take back his youth. This â€Å"yayati syndrome† shows the conflict between externally directed acquisitions (extrinsic motivation) and inner value and conscience (intrinsic motivation. ) In today’s world also a manager must not be swayed by external vagaries. He must have a sound mental health which is the very goal of any human activity more so management. Sound mental health is that state of mind which can maintain a calm, positive poise, or regain it when unsettled, in the midst of all the external vagaries of work life and social existence. Internal constancy and peace are the pre-requisites for a healthy tress-free mind. x) Manager must follow the ‘actions speak louder than words’ policy â€Å"Whatever the excellent and best ones do, the commoners follow,† says Sri Krishna in the  Gita. The visionary leader must be a missionary, extremely practical, intensively dynamic and capable of translating dreams into reality. This dynamism and strength of a true leader flows from an inspired and spontaneous motivation to help others. 3. conclusion Sri Krishnas advice with regard to temporary failures is, â€Å"No doer of good ever ends in misery. Every action should produce results. Good action produces good results and evil begets nothing but evil. Therefore, always act well and be rewarded. All clouds will vanish. Light will fill the heart and mind. I assure him of this. This is the message of Holy  Gita. This discussion doesnot suggest discarding of the Western model of efficiency, dynamism and striving for excellence but to tune these ideals to Indias holistic attitude of â€Å"lokasangraha† for the welfare of many, for the good of many. This is indeed a moral dimension to business life. What we do in business is no different, in this regard, to what we do in our personal lives. The means do not justify the ends. Pursuit of results for their own sake, is ultimately self-defeating. (â€Å"Profit,† said Matsushita-san in another tradition, â€Å"is the reward of correct behaviour. † – ed. ) REFERENCES 1. You Can Win- Shiv Khera 2. managementparadise. com 3. citehr. com XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Principles of Management as Prescribed by the Mahabharata Essay Example Principles of Management as Prescribed by the Mahabharata Essay Western management philosophy may have created prosperity – for some people for some time at least but it has failed in the aim of ensuring betterment of individual life and social welfare. It has remained by and large a soulless edifice and an oasis of plenty for a few in the midst of poor quality of life for many. It does not give a sense of fulfillment what an individual desires at the end. (Aids Foundation of Bill Gates may be an example. ) Mahabharat depicts a path of Dharma as the sole objective, be it individual or corporate, since the same ensures maximization of happiness of all groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Management as Prescribed by the Mahabharata specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Management as Prescribed by the Mahabharata specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Management as Prescribed by the Mahabharata specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer An unholy desire to achieve results by any means often becomes counterproductive in the long run for the corporation and the country as a whole. Hence, there is an urgent need to re-examine prevailing management disciplines their objectives, scope and content. Management should be redefined to underline the development of the worker as a person, as a human being, and not as a mere wage-earner. With this changed perspective, management can become an instrument in the process of social and indeed national development. Gita however talks about Nishkam karma which helps one to achieve results more effectively in the long run by pursuing a path of Dharma. The two main pillars of Gita are abhyas (practice) and tapasya (penance). Going by this the corporate sector should continue doing the right thing ceaselessly by adopting the right means with a single-minded objective in mind ( Abhyas) and should not get swayed under any temptations or distraction and bear the hardships in the short run( Tapasya). With these two principles results will automatically come which will bring satisfaction to all groups be it customers, shareholders, vendors, workers, etc. 2. The Management Principles: Now let us re-examine some of the modern management concepts in the light of the  Bhagavad Gita  which is a primer of management-by-values. Mahabharat is not plainly the story of a war or a source of wisdom for philosophers. It exposes the secrets of leadership and the path to success. Mahabharat can be considered equivalent to other management bibles. Whether it is man management, human/organisational behaviour, game theory, management by objectives, all aspects of modern management can be discovered in various characters and episodes of the great epic. Bhishma, an honest manager caught in diametrically opposed clashes, who was forced to take wrong decisions by forces beyond his power. Yudhisthira is a flawless example of managerial acumen. Karna, a manager who fought his way up the ladder but could not keep up with the pressure and tensions and met a tragic end. Abhimanyu, the son of Arjuna, a daredevil leader without a business-plan of escape. He fought his way into the chakravyuha, but failed to come out and was brutally cornered and killed by Drona and others. Draupadi is the typical model of a woman powerhouse who kept others motivated till the goal is achieved. And Lord Krishna is the ideal example of a leader-manager who kept his eye on the target till the desired outcome was achieved. i) Honor Thy Competitor The Mahabharata tells us that one should never humiliate his competitors. Competitors should be treated with dignity. The great Kurikshetra War itself could be avoided if the pride of Duryodhan had not been hurt. When Duryodhan came to the palace at Indraprastha of the Pandavas he was mesmerized by its beauty. He mistook the crystalline edifices to be water bodies and vice versa and every time he made such a mistake the Pandavas and Draupadi made no efforts to hide their amusement which hurt Duryodhan’s pride beyond repair which laid the seeds of war in his mind. ii) Business consideration above personal consideration Dhritarashtra was the patriarch of the Kauravas. He was extremely partial towards his eldest son Duryodhan. He was blind not only literally but also figuratively. He was blind to his son’s faults. He took all decisions in Duryodhan’s favour irrespective of whether it was morally right or wrong be it the decision of sending the Pandavas to 14 years in exile or planning to murder the brothers and their mother at Vanavrata. This led to disastrous consequences. A person who is the head of an organization must take his decisions with an eye to the general good overriding personal considerations. His extending favours to his close subordinates must not be at the cost of the corporate health. He must keep his eyes and ears open and be aware of the limitations and shortcomings of his chosen successors or heirs. iii) Adaptability The Pandav brothers were not only great Kshatriyas skilled in weaponry and the art of warfare but also well versed in other humbler skills such as cooking, tending the cows and horses, dancing, etc. It was their versatility and adaptability that enabled them to complete their exile in the forest for 12 years and also the 13th year in disguise in King Virat’s court without any glitches. Had these princes born into the royal household, used to the royal comforts of their princely heritage not been so adaptable and adjusting they would have found it difficult to bear the rigors of a forest life and the humiliating positions of attendants in the royal court. Similarly, a good manager should be conversant with all aspects of the organization he works for from the shopfloor to the boardroom. He should be ready to exchange his suit for the gloves. iv) Making wise choices An important lesson of management science is to choose wisely and utilize scarce resources optimally. During the curtain raiser before the Mahabharata War, Duryodhana chose Sri Krishnas large army for his help while Arjuna selected Sri Krishnas wisdom for his support. This episode gives us a clue as to the nature of the effective manager the former chose numbers, the latter, wisdom. v) Attitudes towards work Three stone-cutters were engaged in erecting a temple. An HRD Consultant asked them what they were doing. The response of the three workers to this innocent-looking question is illuminating. I am a poor man. I have to maintain my family. I am making a living here, said the first stone-cutter with a dejected face. Well, I work because I want to show that I am the best stone-cutter in the country, said the second one with a sense of pride. Oh, I want to build the most beautiful temple in the country, said the third one with a visionary gleam. Their jobs were identical but their perspectives were different. What the  Gita  tells us is to develop the visionary perspective in the work we do. It tells us to develop a sense of larger vision in our work for the common good. vi)Dedication towards work A popular verse of the  Gita  advises â€Å"detachment† from the fruits or results of actions performed in the course of ones duty. Being dedicated work has to mean â€Å"working for the sake of work, generating excellence for its own sake. † If we are always calculating the date of promotion or the rate of commission before putting in our efforts, then such work is not detached. Working only with an eye to the anticipated benefits, means that the quality of performance of the current job or duty suffers It is not â€Å"generating excellence for its own sake† but working only for the extrinsic reward that may (or may not) result. Some people might argue that not seeking the business result of work and actions makes one unaccountable. In fact, the  Bhagavad Gita  is full of advice on the theory of cause and effect, making the doer responsible for the consequences of his deeds. While advising detachment from the avarice of selfish gains in discharging ones accepted duty, the  Gita  does not absolve anybody of the consequences arising from discharge of his or her responsibilities. Thus the best means of effective performance management is the work itself. Attaining this state of mind (called â€Å"nishkama karma†) is the right attitude to work because it prevents the ego, the mind, from dissipation of attention through speculation on future gains or losses. ii)Self- actualization—The Ultimate Goal Today’s management principles say that satisfying lower order needs such as food, shelter and clothing ensures that an employee puts in his maximum effort and it keeps the employee motivated. However, that is not the case. It is a common experience that the dissatisfaction of the clerk and of t he Director is identical only their scales and composition vary. On the contrary, a lowly paid schoolteacher, or a self-employed artisan, may well demonstrate higher levels of self-actualization despite poorer satisfaction of their lower-order needs. This situation is explained by the theory of self-transcendence propounded in the  Gita. Self-transcendence involves renouncing egoism, putting others before oneself, emphasizing team work, dignity, co-operation, harmony and trust – and, indeed potentially sacrificing lower needs for higher goals, the opposite of Maslow. â€Å"Work must be done with detachment. † It is the ego that spoils work and the ego is the centerpiece of most theories of motivation. We need not merely a theory of motivation but a theory of inspiration. viii) Work culture An effective work culture is about vigorous and arduous efforts in pursuit of given or chosen tasks. Sri Krishna elaborates on two types of work culture – â€Å"daivi sampat† or divine work culture which includes fearlessness, purity, self-control and â€Å"asuri sampat† or demonic work culture which includes egoism, delusions, improper performance and work not oriented towards service. Mere work ethic is not enough. The hardened criminal exhibits an excellent work ethic. What is needed is a work ethic conditioned by ethics in work. It is in this light that the counsel, â€Å"yogah karmasu kausalam† should be understood. Kausalam† means skill or technique of work which is an indispensable component of a work ethic. â€Å"Yogah† is defined in the  Gita  itself as â€Å"samatvam yogah uchyate† meaning an unchanging equipoise of mind (detachment. ) Tilak tells us that acting with an equable mind is Yoga. The  Gita  further explains the theory of â€Å"detachment† from the extrinsic rewards of work in saying: If the result of sincere effort is a success, the entire credit should not be appropriated by the doer alone. If the result of sincere effort is a failure, then too the entire blame does not accrue to the doer. The former attitude mollifies arrogance and conceit while the latter prevents excessive despondency, de-motivation and self-pity. Thus both these dispositions safeguard the doer against psychological vulnerability, the cause of the modem managers companions of diabetes, high blood pressure and ulcers. Assimilation of the ideas of the  Gita  leads us to the wider spectrum of â€Å"lokasamgraha† (general welfare) but there is also another dimension to the work ethic if the â€Å"karmayoga† (service) is blended with â€Å"bhaktiyoga† (devotion), then the work itself becomes worship, a â€Å"sevayoga (service for its own sake. (This may sound a peculiarly religious idea but it has a wider application. It could be taken to mean doing something because it is worthwhile, to serve others, to make the world a better place ) ix)Manager must show superior judgement In the book, the  Mahabharata, we come across a king by the name of Yayati who, in order to revel in t he endless enjoyment of flesh exchanged his old age with the youth of his obliging youngest son for a thousand years. However, he found the pursuit of sensual enjoyments ultimately unsatisfying and came back to his son pleading him to take back his youth. This â€Å"yayati syndrome† shows the conflict between externally directed acquisitions (extrinsic motivation) and inner value and conscience (intrinsic motivation. ) In today’s world also a manager must not be swayed by external vagaries. He must have a sound mental health which is the very goal of any human activity more so management. Sound mental health is that state of mind which can maintain a calm, positive poise, or regain it when unsettled, in the midst of all the external vagaries of work life and social existence. Internal constancy and peace are the pre-requisites for a healthy tress-free mind. x) Manager must follow the ‘actions speak louder than words’ policy â€Å"Whatever the excellent and best ones do, the commoners follow,† says Sri Krishna in the  Gita. The visionary leader must be a missionary, extremely practical, intensively dynamic and capable of translating dreams into reality. This dynamism and strength of a true leader flows from an inspired and spontaneous motivation to help others. 3. conclusion Sri Krishnas advice with regard to temporary failures is, â€Å"No doer of good ever ends in misery. Every action should produce results. Good action produces good results and evil begets nothing but evil. Therefore, always act well and be rewarded. All clouds will vanish. Light will fill the heart and mind. I assure him of this. This is the message of Holy  Gita. This discussion doesnot suggest discarding of the Western model of efficiency, dynamism and striving for excellence but to tune these ideals to Indias holistic attitude of â€Å"lokasangraha† for the welfare of many, for the good of many. This is indeed a moral dimension to business life. What we do in business is no different, in this regard, to what we do in our personal lives. The means do not justify the ends. Pursuit of results for their own sake, is ultimately self-defeating. (â€Å"Profit,† said Matsushita-san in another tradition, â€Å"is the reward of correct behaviour. † – ed. ) REFERENCES 1. You Can Win- Shiv Khera 2. managementparadise. com 3. citehr. com XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Complete Guide Logistics Research Paper Written for the Best Results in the Field

Complete Guide Logistics Research Paper Written for the Best Results in the Field A logistics research paper is a literary work that analyzes a particular perspective or supports different claims. It should be grounded on the extensive research in such fields as logistics and supply chain management, which includes a vast range of disciplines, such as Military Logistics, Business Logistics, and Logistics Engineering. All these disciplines usually include Logistics Management, Digital Logistics, Global Logistics, and Concierge Services. In this way, the paper may be related to resources handling, production of different goods, their packaging and transportation. In addition, it can examine the distribution flow from the manufacturer to the end consumer. Besides, it may also deal with warehousing of various products and providing their security. Thus, a well-developed logistics research paper should: Provide the readers with the analyzed information on the fields of study; Combine different logistics theories; Implement various logistics practices. Top Areas of Study Related to Logistics Research Papers Nowadays, logistics has a direct relation to a great variety of other disciplines, such as Management, Economics, Social Sciences, etc. For that reason, it is possible to apply a range of approaches to researching some logistics research issues from different perspectives, would it be institutional or functional. The given research area may include various questions. You can answer them by conducting surveys, developing case studies, or applying experimental designs. In this way, you can find the most appropriate solution to the particular logistics issue and introduce the reader some new methodological suggestions of innovative and practical decision making. Another area related to logistics is a system of logistics decisions that allows you to discover some recent innovations in modelling and stating the problems of the modern supply chain management and make their independent evaluation. The related areas usually include freight transportation, public transportation, inventory man agement, and performance measurement. To conduct proper research and obtain valuable final results, you can apply various research methods for your logistics research paper writing. At the same time, it is important to know what methods are the most effective in logistics. They are exact algorithms, heuristic algorithms, and all kinds of simulations as they help to predict the good research results and create a well-developed decision-making plan. Logistics also is also related to Economics. That is why you can develop your research paper studying the economic impact of logistics on different spheres, the economic issues of supply chain operations, and micro, meso, and macro economics of local and international markets. You can also pay attention to the area of interaction between the external and internal factors of influence in these markets and logistics in general. In this way, the content may include the information about primary production, discuss various manufacturing issues, evaluate service provision of different categories, and analyse the efficiency of supply chains developed by both public sector and non-governmental organisations. Finally, your research paper may study IT in the logistics area examining and evaluating the design of application systems for different logistical purposes, their use, and possible operational abilities. It is necessary to mention that Internet technologies for logistics may provide you with the essential data for the research and allow you to address issues of cloud operations management, optimisation of logistics systems and IT service supply chains, evaluating the researched issue and thinking of powerful and efficient solutions. Using the information related to the fields mentioned above, you can develop a good logistics research paper and present it as a term paper or a research proposal that can provide a significant ground for a number of further research. To provide the audience with valuable information, it is crucial to use data from reliable sources and analyse them in accordance with the general requirements discussed below. Choosing a Topic for Your Logistics Research Paper: What Our Writers Suggest The first and the most critical step in writing a logistics research paper is to choose a relevant topic. Think of possible issues related to logistics and supply management that you would like to research. Pick the most exciting and captivating topic that would motivate you to conduct in-depth research and make a thorough evaluation of the available material. In other words, you should like the chosen topic. Otherwise, it will be difficult for you to write a research paper. You won’t be interested in working on the selected issue of logistics by considering some facts and evidence on the subject. In fact, logistics offers to research a great variety of different topics. Usually, all of them are related to control systems, carriers, shippers, customers, and relationships between them. For that reason, that would not be a problem to choose an appropriate research paper, would it be an evaluation of a particular international supply chain developed by a leading manufacturer, issues of modern cloud operations management and their possible solutions, or models of freight transportation. Try to avoid too complicated or too general topics as well as the matters that are not supported with a considerable amount of reliable information. Otherwise, it would not be possible for you to make the appropriate evaluation of the related data and provide the readers with valuable final results of your research. It may also happen that the chosen topic has not been studied well before, and there is no information about it in such sources as books, peer-reviewed journals and articles, and offici al reports. Finally, the chosen topic may appear to be already studied well by many researchers, and there would be nothing new for you to add. To avoid choosing inappropriate topics for logistics research papers, you should follow easy and useful logistics research paper writing tips: If any instructions are provided for the research paper, read them carefully to have a general idea about what you should write and how to do it. Make the background research on the subject. It will help you to obtain more relevant information and focus on a particular topic. Thus, knowing more about the general background will allow you to create and develop a strong and interesting topic. Brainstorm different concepts and keywords related to the subject. This approach allows you to think of various issues and define the most appropriate of them to be the topic of your research paper. Create a research question on your own based on the available information. As you find some information on any logistics topic, it becomes much easier to think about the directions of your own research to engage your reader. Think of your general approach to the topic. Remember that you can use different approaches to conduct your research. Thus, if you want to use a geographical angle, concentrate your attention on a defined territory. If you want to use a historical approach, focus on a particular period of time, which can be compared, analysed, and evaluated accordingly. Finally, you can apply a social approach to study the influence of logistics schemes on a defined group of people. Look through the notes you take during the course and check the relevant library resources. This method is also helpful in developing a captivating topic for the logistics research paper. Logistics provides a significant number of topics to be covered in the research paper. Here are few examples you can follow in writing your own logistics research paper: A Review of Policies and Regulations in Logistics and Supply Chain Models from the Transport Perspective in the USA; Green Supply Chain Management and Its Influence on Financial Management in the German Automotive Industry; An Investigative Analysis of Supply Chain Management Practices Used by Non-governmental and Non-Profit Organisations; The Evaluation of Traditional and Circular Production Economies and Their Impact on Environmentally Safe Supply Chain Management; An Analysis of Modern Approaches to Green Supply Chain Management Practices; Environmental Decision-making Models and Sustainable Supply Chain Management. 3 Pre-Writing Tips You’d Better Follow than Skip 1. How to Search for Information To find the relevant and reliable information on the chosen topic, you should look through the databases of different libraries and large companies. In this way, it would be possible to collect both theoretical and practical data and make accurate evaluation of the findings. In addition, it is necessary to read the general information on the discussed issue and make notes about the most interesting facts. The specialized journals provided online has become an excellent source for searching the data. That’s why use the Internet for reading peer-reviewed articles and official reports of different companies that are not available in libraries. All the information you want to use for your Logistics research paper should be published recently and contain corresponding information about the modern logistics and supply chain management, their models, approaches, and various issues. While searching for the information on the Internet, it is necessary for you to check the extensions of the domain names. Try to use the information provided only by those websites whose domain names include .edu, .gov, or .org. It means that the data is provided by an educational institution, government, or non-profit organisation and can be used for academic purposes. Do not forget to bookmark the found information and put down the titles of the articles, names of the authors, and publication dates. To obtain more sufficient data, you can also visit a library and search for evidence in books and dictionaries on logistics. Additionally, there may be found some specialised magazines and newspapers that traditionally contain both general information and more specific facts about logistics management, digital logistics, and production of different goods. 2. How to Develop a Thesis Statement A thesis statement is generally considered to be the most critical element of the paper as it explains to the reader the primary idea of the author and the central point of the whole research. It should be developed before writing a research paper as it is a main idea around which your writing should go. If you’re going to continue to work on a suggested topic, your first-use thesis statement may sound as â€Å"This research is aimed to create a model able to measure the success of a corporation’s logistics processes by determining and evaluating the success of international logistics activities†. 3. How to Structure a Research Paper Adhere to the basic structure of a research paper that includes: A title page; An abstract (if required); Introduction; Body paragraphs: Literature review; Methods of research; Results; Conclusion and recommendations; A reference page. Besides, the paper may contain some pictures, photos, appendices, tables, and graphs. Thus, the introduction introduces the thesis and the primary information about the paper. Body paragraphs contain your arguments supported by data from the reliable sources, methods, and results of the study. The section of results presents your report about the findings on the topic. It is important to base this section upon the applied methodology and arrange all the findings in an understandable logical sequence. Finally, the conclusion sums up the arguments of the author and restates the thesis. Additionally, you can be asked to provide some recommendations for further research. 3 Post-Writing Tips Make Your Research Paper Well-Written After the paper is written and all the additional materials are included, you should read the whole work several times. It should be done to check the structure of the paper, revise the facts and evidence, and correct some possible grammar errors. Check whether: All sentences are logically connected with the help of transitional words, All citations are correctly cited according to the formatting style (APA, MLA or Harvard), The text does not contain repetitive words or word combinations. Read the paper once again and check if there are too short or too long sentences. Moreover, the paper should not contain some information gaps or typos. Besides, the reference list and in-text citations should also be presented in the same format, as well as footnotes and endnotes. You should pay particular attention to the margins and line spacing and check whether all the parts of the paper are formatted as it is required. Finally, check the work for plagiarism by using one of the resources available on the Internet. If some plagiarism is detected, rewrite the parts that contain ideas of some other person or cite them properly. If you follow these helpful tips on how to write a good logistics research paper, you will create an interesting and well-organised literary work. It is supposed to be written without any irrelevant information and any sign of plagiarism. Double check what you have written or rely on our experienced writers or editors who can do all that staff instead of you.

Animal Rights Essay †Check A Sample

Animal Rights Essay – Check A Sample The issue of non-human or animal rights raises more and more discussions every year. Animal rights imply that it’s unacceptable to do certain things with animals. The ethical side of the issue pushes us to the idea that ill-treatment of animals is unacceptable. It’s very important to stop cruelty towards animals that are killed for food or clothing. One of the main points of view regarding animal rights is that it’s inadmissible to use animals for experiments. They cannot be used for food, which means human beings cannot breed them in order to consume them later. It’s inadmissible to make clothes out of animals, or to use them in medicine. Moreover, animal rights defenders now insist on the prohibition of using animal labor. For example, donkeys, camels and other animals cannot be used for hard labor, under any circumstances. As a rule, people tend to divide animal rights and human rights. However, in terms of morality, there should be no difference between adult animals and adult human beings, since animals also have rights, and humans are also mammals. Many people consider animals to be equal to people, and give a number of arguments in favor of such an assertion. Animals realize themselves, they understand that they are alive, they realize their biological structure. Animals understand what is happening to them; they like some things, and don’t like others. Animals are also capable of making decisions. In terms of ethics, you cannot hunt any animal. Hunting shouldn’t be considered acceptable under any conditions, nor on any grounds. Similarly, it’s immoral to use animals for entertainment, restricting their freedom in zoos, or using them to attract tourists. If we give the same attention to animal rights as human rights, it becomes obvious that any animal has the right to be treated with respect. We must realize the value of each animal as an individual. This means that we must take care of animals, but shouldn’t use them for our own purposes or, even more so, for simple entertainment. For many years, animals have been used for research. Due to such scientific tests, animals die, suffer from pain. Their rights are violated. The essence of this animal rights essay is that animals have the right to live with no human interference, especially in case of drugs testing or other experiments. People constantly use animals as pets. In terms of ethics, dogs, cats, birds and other animals have the right to live their own lives. In the opposite case, given the equal rights of people and animals, this can be considered slavery.

The importance of project plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The importance of project plan - Essay Example Planning a project involves the final project and all the support activities that assist in accomplishing the finished work. It also includes all the engineering, acquisition work and the management processes of the project. Any documentation and technical or non technical exchange of knowledge with the contractors also form part of the planning stage. Planning of any project also involves the cost estimates of the tools, facilities, consultancy, labor and interproject coordination that are involved while carrying out the project. Scheduling of a project involves identifying the internal dependencies and other external dependencies with a view of finding out how the sequence of events will follow in the completion of the project. It also involves identifying any constraints so that a project manager is able to give a window for unforeseen events. Scheduling can be done through using the Critical Path Analysis and the Gantt charts. Good and proper administrative work assist also in keeping records which can be used for future reference, they can act as tools for evaluation and a very effective way of communication. Any project manager must be able to do a documentation of the resources that they are using such as the schedule, quality, resources and the cost documentation of the whole project. A schedule document is a document that entails all the activities of the project as they are undertaken, when they should start and when they are expected to end. This information is usually represented in form of networ k diagrams; bar charts and tabular reports. Such kind of charts includes the Critical Path Analysis charts and the Gantt charts (Tinnirello 2000, 42). Cost documentation should also be undertaken to find out the cost effectiveness of a project .It involves documenting the actual expenses against the planned expenses in form of table up to a given point of the project. An S- curve is also normally drawn and it usually shows the differences in the actual expenditure and planned expenditure of the project. Quality documentation is also an important aspect of any project management. It deals with checking the quality of the work whether the work meets the set specifications or the customers set standards. The quality of work is normally reflected in form of diagrams, charts and matrices. The charts show the past and future performances of the work done .Other diagrams that are used include the Pareto, line and scatter graphs and these diagrams are normally show errors as they have occurred. Resource documentation refers to assigning and usage facilities, tools and supplies made .The usage of organizational charts and resource reports are used by the project managers to identify how they are being used. A project manger must be able to allocate and schedule tasks at the same time and where there are more resources than required, then the tasks must be scheduled. Resource leveling is a methodology that is used for rescheduling thus reducing potential conflicts. Quality Standards Quality refers to the ability of a project to conform to the set specifications or whether the project meets the standards set by the customer. Conformance means that control measures in developing a project must be put into place so that

Film and music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film and music - Essay Example In this essay "Film and music", the author compares and contrast the two film Noir films The Lost Weekend and Spellbound. The idea here is to bring out the relationship between the two films. They highly emphasize on the influence of the Theremin and experimental music for the scores. The composers of â€Å"The lost weekend† and â€Å"Spellbound† have made use of theremin all through the film from the start to the end. Rà ³zsa has made use of theremin as a way of integrating boldness and creativity in the recording. The composer has also used the two films to emphasize on the psychological impacts on the characters. Spellbound is an American Thriller which tells a story of the new mental asylum head who later turns out to be what he does not claim to be. The purpose of the film is to highlight psychoanalysis virtues which come with the banishing of restoring reason and mental illness. The lost weekend film shows the life of an alcoholic writer and particularly on a wee kend alcoholic binge. The use of theremin by Rà ³zsa showed just how bold and creative he was in integrating novel approaches. He wanted to use it in The Lost Weekend because he had successfully used it in Spellbound and he thought that the two somehow related. This is alcoholism, which [the character] cannot resist†. The theremin is cued every time Don gets the urge to drink alcohol and is overwhelmed by his longing. As we can see at the start of the film, Don is silent, but he does not have to say anything silence all we need to know we can read from the look on his face. We can tell from the expression on his face that he is absorbed as he stares at the bottle that is hanging from the window of his dwelling. The â€Å"Alcohol Theme† is cued as he looks down at the alcohol bottle and the theremin has the melody. Music starts to fade as he and his brother Wick begin to talk and is later heard once again as Dons’ brother and Hellen leave the apartment after disc overing the alcohol bottle hanging by the window. When Don goes to the bar and asks for a drink, he is given, but he hesitates to take it knowing that once he does he will not stop. The â€Å"Alcohol theme† plays once more, but it stops when he takes the shot. A

Example Answers For Questions On Evidence Based Practice Nursing Essay

Example Answers For Questions On Evidence Based Practice Nursing Essay Introduction In this assignment I shall discuss the concepts of Evidence Based Practice (EBP), and briefly outline its importance to my professional practice. I shall select a relevant aspect of my practice in relation to my professional discipline. I will provide a rationale for selecting my aspect of professional discipline, which will be within the context of (EBP). I will discuss the extent to which my selected aspect of professional practice is informed by various types of evidence. In relation my chosen aspect of professional practice, I shall then identify factors that may facilitate and hinder the implementation of (EBP). Q1 Evidence based practice (EBP) is to demonstrate the best practice, which has been supported, with a clear rationale to back it up. Whilst using (EBP), this also acknowledges the patient/clients best interest. (EBP) is the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patient/clients (Sackett et al, 1996). In this definition Sackett facilitates an understanding between (EBP) and decisions we make in everyday practice. This demonstrates the strong connection between both aspects. Here, Sackett emphasises the importance of decisions we make as healthcare professionals, and how clearly they should be stated. This shows that decisions are well thought-out, which demonstrates that the use of evidence is used sensibly and carefully, which means that any care or support we deliver must be evidence based. It shows that Sackett understands that if care or support we provide has a rationale, then this enables us to deliver it with a meaningful purpose. According to the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) we as healthcare professionals must deliver care on the best evidence or best practice (2008). The code of conduct clearly states that any advice we give must be evidence based. If we fail to adhere to the code, then this may result in disciplinary action by the (NMC) (2008). As healthcare professionals I feel any care we deliver should have a rational to justify anything we carry out. I believe that as healthcare professionals we are expected to understand why we are caring for patient/clients, whereby a rationale is provided for the care that we provide. (EBP) helps us as healthcare professionals keep updated with policies and procedures (ref). It is fundamental that we keep our skills and knowledge current, which enables us to provide effective care. (EBP) in its earlier days of evidence based medicine, which provides a suitable way in producing efficient clinical decisions, avoiding routinely work practice, which increases clinical performance (Evidence Based Medicine Working Group 1992, Davidoff et al ,1995). In the above statement it demonstrates that (EBP) contributes to significant clinical decisions, which may subsequently develop It is important that we adhere to policies and procedures for the best practice available, which may prevent us from making any errors. As practitioners we are accountable for our actions. Justifying what we do is vital, which must have a rationale behind it. Failure to adhere to (NMC) may result in professional misconduct (2008). Q2 Here I shall formulate the question according the (PICO) method, which is population, intervention, comparison intervention, and outcome. This was devised by Sackett et al, which is a useful method in order to make questions more purposeful (1997). My selected aspect of professional practice is the Treatment of Depression and its Effectiveness in Adults with Cancer. I personally feel there is a high prevalence of depression in cancer patients. In my experience, I have found that there are many cancer patients, which may be suffering from depression. According to Barraclough (1994) states that depression is the most common psychiatric illness in patients with terminal cancer. The high prevalence of depression in cancer patient has influenced me carry out my own research, which will effectively enhance my knowledge. Personally, I feel that by developing my knowledge on my chosen topic will help enable me to have a greater understanding, t in my future practice. Hinton (1963) found that 24% of patients dying in an acute hospital were depressed. It has been found by Casey that patients suffering with depression may be assessed by asking them if they have symptoms such as ; loss of pleasure in activities, feelings of guilt and worthlessness, or thoughts of self harm, which may help in recognizing a diagnosis in depression (1994). Q3 The objective of a qualitative research is to describe, explore, and give explanation to the phenomenon what is being studied (Marshall Rossman, 2006. (Morse Richards 2002) established that there many techniques used in the collection of data involved in the production of a qualitative study, but the commonly used are observing and interviewing partakers. A meta-analysis is within a qualitative study, whereby the findings of qualitative are carefully examined, the methods and theories from different studies, to form an overview or conclusive ways of thinking about phenomena Thorne et al (2004). In my experience I have found that many patients whom have cancer have been low in mood, but often go left untreated. Maguire found that up to 80% of psychological and psychiatric morbidity, which develops in cancer patients often goes unrecognised and untreated (1985). It speaks about how patients are non-compliant in discussing symptoms unreservedly with nursing and medical staff. It mentions that in the United Kingdom (U.K) clinical nurse specialists play an important role in assessing the symptoms and providing advice to cancer patient with highly developed and metastatic cancer (Gray et al,1999). This qualitative study was purposely carried to deter how clinical nurse specialist manage, assess, and perceive depression in such patients, in both hospital and community settings. Atkin et al (1993) found that 43.4% of nurses reported that early recognition of, signs of anxiety and depression was part of their role. It shows the difficulty nurses are faced with in convincing medical staff to follow up assessment or prescribe antidepressant medication. I shall now critique the study. Firstly, none of the nurses had any form of mental health training. Therefore, I feel their lack of knowledge may have falsified the findings of the study. Lastly, the demographic area may have been expanded further afield, which subsequently makes the findings minimalistic. The view proposed by Long (1995, p94) that the most problematic characteristic of the hierarchy of evidence model, is that it completely lacks recognition of qualitative study methods. According to Sackett et al (1996) a qualitative is in the ranking of research evidence at the base. Here, it shows that a qualitative study has inadequate efficacy, whereby it lacks randomization, it also has scarce before and after studies. However, it does give emphasis to the fact that open ended question were asked in a qualitative study, which demonstrates its feasibility. An open ended question can have many answers, whereby it can be answered in many ways than one. If in depth answers are obtained, then this may enable the researchers to capture a greater insight of the situation. Nevertheless, it has been discovered that identifying the findings in a qualitative study can be complex, this may due the style of reports, or they may be perceived wrongly (Sandelowski Barroso 2004). Systematic reviews were first defined as concise of the best available evidence that address sharply defined clinical questions (Murlow et al 1997). Here, it states that a systematic review involves gathering quality information, which is then analysed, whereby it is then summarised. A systematic review is a vital source of evidence-informed policy and practice movement, which connects research in decision-making (Chalmers, 2003). Secondly, this systematic review provides us with evidence on cancer patients receiving interventions such as drug therapy, and their efficacy. In this systematic review it found that depression is the most common in cancer patients, which often goes undiscovered and untreated (Lloyd-Williams, (2000); Bailey et al,(2005). It also shows that cancer patients survival rate may be decline if their immune response is impaired. (Andersen et al, 1998; Newport and Nemeroff, 1998; Reiche et al, 2004) and poorer survival (Buccheri, 1998; Faller et al, 1999; Watson et al, 1999; Faller and Bulzebruck 2002; Herjl et al, 2003; Goodwin et al, 2004). It is known that in previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the effectiveness of interventions for cancer patients whom are suffering from depression have been unsuccessful in differentiating between depression/depressive symptoms. Dale and Williams (2005) refers to the findings from this review, which demonstrate that there little trial data on the effectiveness of antidepressants, which are prescribed to reduce major depression and depressive symptoms in those suffering with cancer. Nevertheless, previous reviews which have failed to identify the dissimilarity between both depression and depressive symptoms. It shows little data from clinical trials, which demonstrate psychotherapeutic interventions, which may effective in reducing depression in cancer patients. A number of small-scale trials showed that psychotherapeutic interventions, more so Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), which may be effective in treating cancer patient whom have depressive symptoms. In conclusion, this review shows that there is a hard-pressed need for a more rigorous process in the examination of the effectiveness and consequences regarding approaches towards in managing depression in cancer patients, and providing them with appropriate healthcare services. In respect to the hierarchy of evidence chart Sackett (1996) states that systematic reviews are at the peak of the chart, which demonstrates this, a strong piece of evidence. The results of a systematic reviews are produced in such a way, whereby a thorough examination of evidence is processed (Murlow,1987; Cook et al.,1998). Sackett and Straus (1998) found that systematic reviews of (RCTs) are ranked as the best evidence in making clinical decisions in relation to a patients care. Within this study a systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCT) of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic implementation for cancer patients with depression/depressive symptoms. This study had a specific criterion for the selection of (RCTs) of the pharmacology and psychotherapeutic interventions. Partakers were either adult cancer patients with depression, or depressive symptoms receiving interventions such as pharmacology and psychotherapeutic. This source of evidence fits into the hierarchy of evidence at the apex of the chart. It is known that a singular RCT or Several RCTs are well thought-out as the uppermost level of evidence, and anything below this is classed as a lower level of evidence, which may be classed as an inadequate source of information (Ellis 2000, Lake 2006, Morse 2006b, Rolfe Gardner 2006). Evidence shows that (RCTs) are considered highly effective sources of information (Muir Gray, 1997;Mulrow Oxman, 1997; Sackett et al.,1997). It would be highly unethical to use these findings as a prejudice against patients with cancer who wish receive treatment for depression and depressive symptoms, because of the limited data on effectiveness. However, traditional or unsystematic reviews can be apparent and suitable to attain, which can also be deceptive at times, above all they are scientific Murlow(1987). None of these studies make mention of persons centred planning (PCP), which is slightly concerning. Professionals may have four ways in which they can contribute towards (PCP): introducing, contributing, safeguarding, and implementing/integrating (PCP) (Kilbane and Sanderson ,2004). Q4. Although, there may be an accumulating body of knowledge about the efficacy of immeasurable nursing practises, which leaves gap between what is in fact known and what is actually practised (Grol and Grimshaw, 2003). People whom have been in the profession for a long time may not approve or wish to adhere to the implementation of (EBP). This may be due to a number of reasons such as; culture, age, learning ability, or even attitudes towards changes within an organisation. It is known that there may be barriers which may cause complications in applying (EBP) in nursing practise, this has been established in extensive literature reports (Estabrooks et al 2004). If a nurses workload is too big, then this may influence their ability to adapt to changes in practise. A significant source of implementing (EBP) is; student nurses or newly qualified nurse. I have found that student nurses and newly qualified nurses are an important source in the utilisation of (EBP). If for example; they have carried out research at university for an assignment, then they may be able to apply and demonstrate this in practise, and also influence fellow colleagues. Conclusion In writing this assignment I have found depression in cancer patients is significantly high. I am now able to say that on the completion of this I am now able to acknowledge the complexities of depression in cancer patient. This will enhance my future practice as a nurse, which will enable me to apply the knowledge I have gained from this assignment into practise. I am now able understand the importance of (EBP), and its relation to my future practise. This has helped assist me in developing my academic skills. On the completion of this assignment I have developed my analysis skills immensely, which will help assist me in my future practise. References Atkin K., Lunt N., Parker G. Hirst M. (1993) Nurses Count: A National Census of Practice Nurses. Social Policy Research Unit, University of York, York. Barraclough J, (1994), Cancer and emotion. Chichester UK:Wiley Casey P. Depression in the dying- disorder or distress. Progr Palliat Care 1994; 2: 1-3. Davidoff F, Haynes B, Sackett D Smith R, (1993) Evidence-based medicine: a new journal to help doctors identify the information they need. British Medical Journal 310, 1085-1085. Ellis J (2000) Sharing the evidence: clinical practice benchmarking to improve continuously the quality of care. Journal of Advanced Nursing 32, 215-225. Preston, Lancashire Estabrooks CA, Winther C, Derkson L. Mapping he feild: a bibliometric analysis of the research utilization literature in nursing. Nurs Res 2004; 53:293-303 EVANS D, Journal of Clinical Nursing 2003; 12: 77-84, Hierarchy of evidence: a framework for ranking evidence evaluating healthcare interventions Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group (1992) Evidence based medicine: a new approach to teaching the practice of medicine. JAMA 268,2420-2425. Gray R, Parr A, Plummer S, Sanford T, Ritter S, Mundtleach B, Goldberg D, Gournay K. A national survey of practice involvement in mental health interventions. J Adv Nurs 1999; 30: 901-906 Grol, R, Grimshaw J. From best evidence to best practice: effective implementation of change in patients care. Lancet 2003;362:1225-30 Hinton J, The physical and mental distress of dying. Q J Med (1963); 32: 1-21 Kilbane J Sanderson H (2004) What and how:understanding professional involvement in person centred planning styles and approaches. Journal of Learning Disabilities. Long, A.F.(1995) Health services research a radical approach to cross the research and development divide, in Baker, M, Kirk, S(ed.) Reasearch and development for the NHS, evidence, evaluation and effectiveness. Oxford: pp. 94 MANTZOUKAS S (2008) Journal of Clinical Nursing 17, 214-223 London, A review of evidence-based practice, nursing research and reflection: levelling the hierarchy Maguire P. Improving the detection of psychiatric problems in cancer patients. Soc Sci Med 1985; 20 :819-23 Morse JM, Richards L. READ ME FIRST for a users guide to Qualitative Methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2002. Morse MJ (2006b) the politics of evidence. Qualitative Health Research 16, 395-404. Canada. Muir Gray J.A. (1997) Evidence-Based Healthcare. Churchill Livingstone, New York. Murlow CD, Cook DJ and Davidoff F (1997) Systematic Reviews. Critical links in the great chain of evidence. Annals of Internal Medicine 126(5):389-91 Mulrow C.D. Oxman A.D. (1997) Cochrane Collaboration Handbook (database on disk and CDROM). The Cochrane Library, The Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, Updated Software. NMC REF 2008 Rolfe G Gardner L (2006) Towards a geology of evidence-based practice: a discussion paper. International Journal of Nursing Studies 43, 903-913. Swansea, Sackett D.L., Richardson W.S., Rosenberg W. Haynes R.B.(1997) Evidence Based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM. Churchill Livingstone, New York. Sackett DL, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB, (1997) Evidence based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM, London: Churchill Livingstone Sackett DL, Rosenberg WMC, Muir GrayJ.A, Haynes R.B and Richardson WS (1996) Evidence based medicine. What it is and what isnt,British Medical Journal 312:71-2 Sackett DL, Straus S, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W and Haynes RB (2000) Evidence-Based Medicine: how to practice and teach EBM (2e). Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh Sandelowski M, Barroso J: Finding the findings in qualitative studies. J Nurs Scholarsh 2002, 34:213-219. Open Access Silva, Carlos Nunes (2008). Review: Catherine Marshall Gretchen B. Rossman (2006). Designing Qualitative Research [20 paragraphs]. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 9(3), Art. 13, Are you Ipad Lover If not Become One! http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fon.fb.me%2FdUg8mah=80efb Are you Ipad Lover If not Become One! http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fon.fb.me%2FdUg8mah=80efb S Williams1 and J Dale1 Br J Cancer. 2006 Coventry Cancer Research UK Thorne S, Jensen L, Kearney MH, Noblit G, Sandelowski M. Qualitative meta-synthesis: reflections on methodological orientation and ideological agenda .Qual Health Res 2004;14:1342-65

American dream Essay

Exploration of the theme of the American Dream In a country where liberty, freedom and the land of opportunity is a pivotal part of American society the American dream is born. The American dream is fundamentally the notation that no matter your race, religion, sex or social class if you work hard in America you will achieve materialistic wealth. Steinbeck’s novel, Of Mice and Men sets in the 1930’s, the time of the great depression and depicts the flaws of the American Dream. Some of the themes in the novel include friendship, death, jealousy and loneliness. The exploration of this essay shall consist of me focussing on the theme of the American Dream by exploring the characters, George and Lennie, Candy and Crooks. Steinbeck also conveys the theme of the American Dream through the character of Candy- as the name implies Candy is a sweet character, the quote, ‘yeah, nice fella too’ demonstrates this as Candy is talking fairly about Crooks who is black and looked down upon in society of that time. Candy is an old character, ‘the old man put the yellow can in his pocket†¦ ‘ and this is illustrated by Steinbeck as one of the flaws of the American Dream which stops them achieve the A. D. and because everyone shall someday become old Steinbeck is implying that sometimes the American Dream is never achievable. Candy owns a dog which he has known for most of his life, ‘That’s a hell of an old dog; Yeah I had ‘im since he was a pup†¦ ‘ This dog of his is a very close possession and friend and it is implied that Candy has realised that he shall never achieve his American Dream but his dog is the closest he shall get to it so it is a part of his American Dream. However Candy’s dog was shot by Carlson due to it being old and smelly, ‘I don’t know anything that stinks so bad as an old dog†¦ he’s got no teeth†¦ why’n’t you shoot him Candy? ‘ The death of Candy’s dog symbolises the death of Candy’s Amercian Dream, however in more depth, the death of his dog illustrates that anyone (animal or human) who is old or smells or has no teeth (basically out of the ‘norm’) is not accepted into society and shall not be accepted and death could be a possible out come. Although Candy;s dog had no use to the people around and society, to Candy he meant a lot and the death of his meant a death of part of candy himself. Similarly, Lennie like the dog was not accepted in society due to the deed he had committed and due to his disability however, he meant something to George and they too like Candy an his dog were loyal friends but it was because of society that cause the death of both the dog and Lennie which cause the death of their American Dream. Through the character of Curley, Steinbeck shows the Amercian Dream in a different light. He illustrates that the American Dream is achievable through Curley as he has his own ranch, the trophy wife, the money and power. However, Steinbeck is also showing that only a few people achieve the American Dream as only one of the Characters achieves the American Dream out of 6. Although Curley has achieved the American Dream, Steinbeck clearly shows through the nature of Curley that those who are able and do achieve the American Dream are not always nice people, in fact from Curleys character, the audience feels that they are in fact horrible people. The way in which Curley treats other people makes him perceived as a very horrible person. The way in which Curley’s wife describes him, ‘I don’ like Curley. He ain’t a nice fella’ shows how little liked he is. Also, the way in which Curley’s wife is used as a possession of his shows the greed of power that Curley has. Also the way that Curley is perceived by George shows already within only a day of knowing Curley he is not liked as George refers to Curley as a ‘son of a bitch’ vAlso, the way in which Curley treats Lennie is appalling,’ â€Å"What the hell you laughin’ at? ‘Lennie looked blankly at him. â€Å"Huh? † Then Curley’s rage exploded. â€Å"Come on, ya big bastard. Get up on your feet. No big son-of-a-bitch is gonna laugh at me. I’ll show ya who’s yella. ‘ This shows the arrogance of Curley. The theme of the American Dream is finely woven through the entire novel and without a doubt this has been done very effectively . Steinbeck clearly conveys his message about the American Dream in much detail and has done in a very meaning full way.